- Feb 4 John Roger, English religious reformer and translator (Matthew Bible), 1st protestant martyr under Mary I, burnt at the stake at Smithfield, London (b. c. 1500)
- Feb 9 John Hooper, English protestant reformer and Bishop of Gloucester, burnt for heresy by Mary I
- Feb 9 Rowland Taylor, English clergyman and protestant martyr, burnt at the stake under Mary I at 44
Mar 23 Counter-Reformation Pope (1550-55), dies at 67
- Mar 27 William Hunter, Protestant martyr
- Apr 12 Joanna of Castile (Joanna the mad), wife of Philip I of Castile dies at 75
- May 1 Marcellus II [Marcello Cervini], Italian humanist and Pope (1555, 22 days), dies at 53
- May 25 Gemma Frisius [Jemme Reinerszoon], Frisian physician, mathematician and cartographer (created globe), dies at 46
- May 25 Henry II of Navarre (1517-55), dies at 52
- Jun 7 Maarten van Rossum, Dutch army leader, dies at about 76
- Jun 23 Pedro Mascarenhas, Portuguese explorer (b. 1470)
- Aug 8 Oronce Finé, French mathematician (b. 1494)
- Sep 8 Thomas of Villanova [Tomás García], Spanish saint, Archbishop of Valencia, Spain, and writer, dies at 67
- Oct 7 Louis of Praet, Habsburg diplomat (b. 1488)
- Oct 9 Justus Jonas, German Protestant theologian and reformer, dies at 62
- Oct 16 Hugh Latimer, English bishop and royal chaplain, burned at the stake as one of the Oxford Martyrs at 80
- Oct 16 Nicholas Ridley, English theologist/bishop of Rochester, burned at the stake as an Oxford martyr
- Nov 12 Stephen Gardiner, English bishop of Winchester, dies at about 65
- Nov 21 Georg Agricola [Bauer], German mineralogist (zinc), dies at 61
- Nov 24 French Vervoort, Flemish mystic (Bruylocht Cleedt), dies at about 65
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